Interesting Facts :: essays research papers

Fascinating Facts Got this from one of my day by day joke messages. Thought it was fascinating enough to share : 111,111,111 x 111,111,111 = 12,345,678,987,654,321 On the off chance that a sculpture in the recreation center of an individual on a pony has both front legs noticeable all around, the individual kicked the bucket because of wounds got in fight; if the pony has each of the four legs on the ground, the individual passed on of normal causes. No word in the English language rhymes with month, orange, silver, and purple. Tribes of quite a while in the past that needed to dispose of their undesirable individuals without murdering them use to torch their homes - henceforth the articulation "to get fired." Canada is an Indian word meaning "Big Village". There are two Visas for each individual in the United States. Just two individuals marked the Declaration of Independence on July fourth, John Hancock and Charles Thomson. A large portion of the lay marked on August 2, yet the last signature wasn't included until 5 years after the fact. "I am." is the most brief total sentence in the English language. The term "the entire 9 yards" originated from WWII military pilots in the South Pacific. When furnishing their planes on the ground, the .50 gauge automatic rifle ammunition belts estimated precisely 27 feet, before being stacked into the fuselage. In the event that the pilots terminated all their ammunition at an objective, it got "the entire 9 yards." The most widely recognized name on the planet is Mohammed. The word "samba" implies "to rub navels together." The global phone dialing code for Antarctica is 672. The paste on Israeli postage stamps is confirmed fit. Mel Blanc (the voice of Bugs Bunny) was hypersensitive to carrots. Until 1965, driving was done on the left-hand side on streets in Sweden. The transformation to right-hand was done on a weekday at 5pm. All traffic halted as individuals exchanged sides. This time and day were picked to forestall mishaps where drivers would have gotten up toward the beginning of the day and been too lethargic to even think about realizing that *this* was the day of the changeover. The absolute first bomb dropped by the Allies on Berlin during World War II slaughtered the main elephant in the Berlin Zoo. Dr. Seuss articulated "Seuss" to such an extent that it rhymed with "rejoice." In Casablanca, Humphrey Bogart never said "Play it again, Sam." Sherlock Holmes never said "Elementary, my dear Watson." A bigger number of individuals are slaughtered every year by jackasses than pass on in air crashes. The term, "It's all pointless fooling around until somebody loses an eye" is from Ancient Rome.

How Safe are Federal Regulations on Occupational Alcohol Use Essay

How Safe are Federal Regulations on Occupational Alcohol Use - Essay Example following spending tables have been introduced by CEOs of two distinctive t organizations in the transportation, An and B, encountering word related liquor use and the other not encountering the equivalent individually. The figures in the tables speak to the consumptions expected to be brought about as overheads for the monetary year 2011. Neurocgnitive practices are practices that are constrained by the focal sensory system. They include cognizant and subliminal choices and responses by a person to boosts in the earth. Word related practices are choices that are made by a person over the span of his official obligation. They may incorporate choices that may have noteworthy effect on the general association, and even on an individual’s life. It is critical to examine how liquor influences the conduct of a person. In an exploration done by Zeigler et.al. (2004), the discoveries were talked about in four principle headings to be specific: 1) the study of disease transmission of liquor use in youths and youthful grown-ups; (2) the pharmacology of liquor; a (3) Pharmacodynamics; and 4) aftereffect. An overview did by National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (NHSDA) somewhere in the range of 1995 and 2000 found that the quantity of youngsters matured 12â€17 years who initially utilized liquor expanded from 2.2 to 3.1 million. The commonness of liquor use increments with age, from 2.6% at 12 years old to 67% of people matured 21 years. On the off chance that this examination was done somewhere in the range of 1995 and 2000, at that point it implies that the populace spoke to then is currently among the American workforce. The report additionally found that 19% of the spoke to populace spoke to gorge consumers. This implies a greater part of the populace take liquor in low portions. The investigation additionally found that incessant sicknesses are normal among liquor consumers with the accompanying intricacies being among them: craving changes, weight reduction, skin inflammation, cerebral pains, and rest aggravation and Serum compound, a significant reason for liver harm. The overview further contends that 40% of people who

Essay Topics for College - How to Find the Perfect Topic For Your Future Schooling

Essay Topics for College - How to Find the Perfect Topic For Your Future SchoolingThe process of selecting and using your 50 essay topics for college are the most important part of writing your essays. The topics you select will be used throughout the course of your college career. Choosing the right topic is going to make or break your chances of getting into that selective college or university that you have been looking forward to attending. What you need to do is take some time, think about what kind of person you want to become, then find the proper topic to fit your needs.Although you might have a general knowledge level in the subjects you choose, having a wide base of knowledge is always a plus. When you choose topics that are not specific, you can gain an even broader knowledge base, which could also help you. Your choice of essay topics should not necessarily center on the degree or major you are trying to complete.For example, if you chose English as your major, but you wa nt to write about cooking, then you might choose an essay about cooking. However, it is always best to have a wide base of knowledge. This will help you learn more about the subjects you are writing about.To determine the appropriate topics, take a look at your area of study, and try to identify the skills that you may be lacking. These could include skills related to math, science, or reading. You can either take the time to study these topics and apply what you have learned or you can take advantage of some of the free online resources available to assist you.Whether you choose free online resources or ones offered by your school, remember that they may not always cover everything you may need to know. Depending on the level of your course work, it may be necessary to have supplemental research.Using free resources is not always a good idea. There are often restrictions that must be followed. Some, such as the prohibition against cheating and plagiarism, are simply not acceptable practices in free sources.At your own home, you may be able to find supplemental information, but keep in mind that you are dealing with the user-friendly version. If you need to delve deeper into something, or even plagiarize an idea, you may need to use a paid source. A reputable one will be willing to provide references and write-ups for you to substantiate your facts.Regardless of what you choose, there are many different types of topics for you to choose from. Research the subject matter you wish to write about thoroughly, then narrow down your choices based on your knowledge, your preferences, and your interests.

Leisure and the roman villa Free Essay Example, 2000 words

Aristotle (1984) treats happiness as the ultimate goal of life, since good life cannot be limited to reason and knowledge. A good life is that in which individuals understand every situation, choose the right activity for the right place, and do it in right way to achieve the desired feeling (Aristotle 1984). Aristotle (1984) believes that work limits individual opportunities to achieve happiness, and leisure can compensate for the lack of happiness and self-fulfillment. According to Aristotle (1984), leisure benefits everyone, since it enables individuals to take and make the best of themselves. In Politics, Aristotle writes that the citizens of Athens must be educated and prepared to spend their lives in noble pleasure (Hunnicutt 1990). Eventually, the entire human happiness depends on leisure (Aristotle 1984). It is no wonder that Aristotelian ideas about leisure inspired Ancient Romans, especially wealthy ones, to spend their lives in affluence and entertainment. Leisure was considered an essential ingredient of daily lives among wealthy, which did not merely entertain but expanded wealthy Romans’ mental and emotional potential (Pike & Price 2008). The wealthier the Roman was the more opportunities he had to devote himself to leisure activities. We will write a custom essay sample on Leisure and the roman villa or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Only the wealthiest could afford building villas, which exemplified a foundational element of leisure in Ancient Rome. The importance of leisure, within and beyond the Roman Villas, was further supported by Epicurus, who treated leisure as a means to reduce the stress of urban life and release body and mind from anxiety (Pike & Price 2008). It is noteworthy that not all leisure activities bring happiness and self-satisfaction. Aristotle (1984) claims that only virtuous life and leisure activities designed to exercise virtue can bring real happiness. In this sense, the Roman Villa was clearly an example of leisure, which was virtuous by nature and brought pleasure and satisfaction into the lives of wealthy Romans. The Roman Villa: A Retreat from the Stresses of Urban Life Why discuss the Roman Villa? The answer is simple: the Roman Villa is a complex philosophic intersection between leisure space and leisure time (Toner 1995). Leisure space (villas) and leisure time (activities) do not automatically co-exist (Toner 1995). Rather, it is through the actions of people that the relationship between leisure time and leisure space is created, improved, and remade (Toner 1995). Leisure space and leisure time can create a serious conflict; however, the Roman Villa enabled wealthy citizens to achieve and maintain the state of harmony between the place, time, and leisure activities, so popular and accepted throughout Ancient Rome.

The Amendment Of The United States - 1848 Words

The Bill of Right is the aggregate name for the initial ten Amendments of the United States Constitution, which limits the United States federal government. These restrictions serve to secure and protect the natural rights of liberty, including: freedom of religion, speech/press, assembly, and right to petition (seen in the First Amendment). The Founding Fathers needed to guarantee that no man could obtain unwarranted power, which could encroach on an individual’s rights – the rights that came from God to remain intact and cannot be taken away by the government or radicals. The First Amendment to the Constitution confines government from discrimination of religions, and this is beneficial to our country from numerous points of view. Especially on the grounds that the United States was built upon the foundation of emphasizing freedom, this amendment holds essential value to both our government and country. For example in the First Amendment of the Constitution it states: First and foremost, the First Amendment to Constitution strengthens the moral of our governments, providing a free environment for all kinds of people and cultures. The Pilgrims left England to look for religious freedom, and they found a haven in North America; however, different minorities, for example, the Jews, were not all that fortunate. For example, the Holocaust of World War II alone almost killed the entire populace of European Jews. A couple of hundreds of years back, specific individualsShow MoreRelatedAmendments For The United States1562 Words   |  7 PagesGovt 101 October 19, 2015 Term Paper on Amendments Amendments are what hold this country together and need to be maintained. The social contract makes the assertion that the people give up a few of their freedoms and rights in exchange for protection (Barbour Wright, 2014). This idea of freedom for the people spread to the new colonies. These new colonies gradually developed into more advanced systems of freedoms and equalities. Initially, the United States had no power in the central governmentRead MoreThe Second Amendment Of The United States1725 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Americans are deeply divided over the Second Amendment. Some passionately assert that the Amendment protects an individual’s right to own guns. Others, that it does no more than protect the right of states to maintain militias† (Cornell). The Second Amendment of the constitution gives citizens the right to bear arms, and is therefore one of the most important laws of the nation. This amendment holds an important value to our nation because, it pre vents tyranny but, it also protects, spreads, andRead MoreThe Amendment Of The United States Constitution833 Words   |  4 Pagescensorship or restraint can be considered as a basic provision enshrined in the First Amendment to the United States Constitution. To elaborate, the first amendment to the constitution prohibit the legislative arm of government in making of any law abridging the freedom of speech, infringing on the freedom of the press and prohibiting the petitioning for a governmental redress of grievances. Post this amendment, there have been several cases where the Supreme Court has been required to interpretRead MoreThe Second Amendment Of The United States1472 Words   |  6 PagesGun Control The Second Amendment of the constitution of the United States was adopted on December 15, 1791. â€Å"A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed† (Gun Control Laws). There is controversy on the exact meaning of the Second Amendment. There is also a lot of controversy surrounding guns and gun laws, and what could be done to prevent gun violence and mass shootings in our country. There has toRead MoreThe First Amendment Of The United States1647 Words   |  7 PagesFirst Amendment: Where It Originated and How to Protect It On September 17, 1787, the United States Constitution was signed by delegates to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia, who were directed by George Washington. The 1787 convention was called to draft a new legal system for the United States now that the states were free and colonized. This new Constitution was made to increase federal authority while still protecting the rights of citizens. It established America’s National GovernmentRead MoreThe Second Amendment Of The United States874 Words   |  4 PagesWhen comes to the second question’s answer; the citizens of the United States take power from the Second Amendment of the Constitution to get a gun. Second Amendment of the United States that was adopted in 1791 emphasizes, â€Å"Every individual was granted the right of gun ownership and bearing gun† (Diaz, 54). For those citizens who want to buy a gun can put their constitutional rights forward so that all barriers can easily be eliminated in front of owning a gun. People may want to have a gun dueRead MoreThe Amendment Act Of The United States1030 Words   |  5 Pages While there are many amendments to the U.S. Constitution that have impacted our society and nation, I believe that the 19th amendment to the Constitution is one of the most important events in our history. The 19th amendment states, â€Å"The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex.† (1) There are several reasons why I find this amendment to be important, and I will discuss each point. Women have been fightingRead MoreThe Second Amendment Of The United States1513 Words   |  7 PagesThe Fourth Amendment states in part â€Å"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated†¦.† 14 United States Code 89 gives the U.S. Coast Guard authority to boar d, inspect, or seize any U.S. vessel on the high seas or in U.S. territorial waters. The Supreme Court has ruled not every search or seizure requires probable cause or a search warrant, however, these are the exception to the rule. The CoastRead MoreThe Second Amendment Of The United States1367 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Second Amendment date back to the turn of the twentieth century because so many viewpoints and regulations have accumulated; it is all in the manner of which interpretation citizens subscribe to- loose verses strict interpretation. Due to the controversies, certain gun regulations have been enacted and fears have risen because of this. In the Second Amendment of the Constitution of the United States, it states, â€Å"A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the rightRead MoreThe Second Amendment Of The United States1666 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The fourth amendment of the United States Bill of Rights states that â€Å"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.† (â€Å"Bill of Rights†). Within the text of this amendment, the word ‘unreasonable’ is one

Aristophanes Speech On Love And Happiness - 850 Words

The philosopher I have chosen for this assignment is Plato, in Symposium. Based on the readings of The Speech of Aristophanes, the theorist- Aristophanes - states that the key to love and happiness is the search to finding ones other â€Å"half†, in which the couple becomes together or â€Å"whole†. In the quest to becoming â€Å"one†, the individuals find themselves in a lifelong togetherness, what some claim to be considered finding your â€Å"soul mate† When becoming â€Å"whole† the newly formed partnership embrace in sexual relations and share experiences with one another. In order to fully understand Aristophanes’ concept of erotic love, it is imperative to summarize and highlight details of the story in The Speech of Aristophanes. The form of Aristophanes’ speech, comes in as a myth of a story long ago where there were three genders: male, female and androgynous, all of which were twice what they -humans- are now. For example, two sets of hands and two sets of legs. Though the gods hated these beings, they knew they could not kill them, as forfeiting humans as sacrifices. So, in replace Zeus decided to cut the humans into two, but keeping them whole on either side, including their genitals. Because the humans, now half, had been whole for so long, they constantly had urges to find their other half to make them whole again, which begins Aristophanes’ theory of longing for one another. When found by another half, the couple would embrace in sexual activity and not want anything else,Show MoreRelatedPlatos Symposium : The Nature Of Love1592 Words   |  7 PagesSymposium describes the nature of love to be the driving force towards immortality. Aristophanes perpetuates this idea through his allegorical description of human’s original nature, and the component of the driving force of love within that nature. The underlying goal of this force of love is immortality, though he does not directly articulate it in his speech. It is with the emergence of Socrates’ ideas that we are equipped with sufficient evidence reinforcing Aristophanes’ story to be one in which immortalityRead MoreHow Can Love Saves One From Death?877 Words   |  4 PagesPlatoâ⠂¬â„¢s Symposium love exists as a drug that never fully satisfies neither the lover nor the beloved. The pursuit of love requires tricking the mind and soul into believing that happiness will be permanent once it has been achieved when in fact it never truly can be. It creates a frustration that in turn drives the lover to love and the beloved to learn from the lover. Thus, the truest, perhaps most immortal love can be achieved only through the love of wisdom and virtue instead of happiness. The idea thatRead MoreWhat Is Love Essay796 Words   |  4 PagesMonday Oct. 19th What is Love? According to Webster’s dictionary the word love is described as a strong, positive emotion of regard and affection. But in society today it seems as if we throw the word love around in such a loose manner it really has lost its meaning. Ranging from â€Å"I love Coach purses†, to actually telling a person â€Å"I love you† is now a common thing. Throughout this essay I’ll be taking a philosophical approach to help give a better understanding of what love is according to the speakersRead MorePlato s Symposium : A Glimpse Into Antiquity Of Some Philosophical Conversations On Love762 Words   |  4 PagesPlato’s Symposium is a glimpse into antiquity of some philosophical conversations on love. The focus here is on two different perspectives between Aristophanes and Socrates. Aristophanes gives us his view on love by telling a mythical account on how human nature came to be. There were once three types of beings, male-male, female-female and male-female, which the later would be known as androgynous. They were each round with four arms, four legs, and two faces on opposite sides of their being andRead More Platos The Symposium Essay2187 Words   |  9 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Throughout human existence, the subject of love has also been of great fascination to many. Questions such as : quot;What is love?quot; and quot;What is the work of love?quot; are some of great questions of the universe that has transcended time; yet with no absolute answers. There is perhaps no correct answers to the phenomena of love. It exists in many strata. It is perpetually subject to debate, for we all are experts of love in our own rights. In The Symposium, Plato gave accountsRead MorePlatoï ¿ ½Ã¯ ¿ ½s Symposium, And Ovids The Art Of Love1109 Words   |  5 Pagesphilosophers once said when asked to explain what love is, â€Å"[it] is of all passions the strongest, for it attacks simultaneously the head, the heart and the senses.† Since the beginning of time, writers and philosophers have been trying to discover the origins of this â€Å"attack,† and many attribute different reasons for this immense feeling. In both Plato’s Symposium, and Ovid’s The Art of Love, Aristophanes and Ovid attempt to address the genesis of love by asking: what is the feeling that drives us towardsRead MoreErotic Ascension And Stylistic Hoverance : The Symposium Body1674 Words   |  7 Pages(210A; 211D). This espoused horizon of movement from the vulgarity of bodily beauty to an indeterminate and eternal Beauty (initially alluded to by Pausanias with, â€Å"It is the common, vulgar lover, who loves the body rather th an the soul, the man whose love is bound to be inconstant, since what he loves is itself mutable and unstable†) places the sexual body of initial interaction at its own site of ambiguous and â€Å"unstable† hoverance: as, simultaneously, a discarded vessel of ascendance; a necessaryRead MorePlato s Theory Of Love1812 Words   |  8 Pages Plato s Symposium is written in such a manner that each speech accounted has at least one insight into the nature of love or Eros that is latter expanded, contradicted or confirmed by the speech given by Socrates using Diotima s wisdom. Plato was very wise in his teaching on love, progressing from the simple to the much more complex, climaxing with the with the recounted exchange of Socrates and Diotima and then finalizing the instruction with a comical, but well-placed praise of the paragonRead MoreComparison And Contrast Of The Understanding Of Love1576 Words   |  7 PagesCONTRAST OF THE UNDERSTANDING OF LOVE Introduction The definition of love varies from person to person. However, it generally means the longing or desire that we have towards something or someone. Love is something that is intangible; you cannot touch it though you can feel it deep in your heart. Biblically, love is an important virtue and thus we get to understand that as human beings we cannot survive without the virtue of love. As I Previously said, the understanding of love varies from one individualRead MoreThe Speech By Men Attending A Symposium Or A Drinking Party1458 Words   |  6 PagesThrough the speeches by men, love is examined by men attending a symposium or a drinking party. The symposium has its main concerns with the beginning, the purpose and nature of affection and care. Therefore, love is the central theme in Plato’s dialogues in Symposium. The Symposium is a philosophical text written by Plato in approximately 386-370BC. It is a lively and entertaining book characterized by witty characterization which not only shares the concept of love but also gives shades some light

Alienation in a Foreign Culture-.com

Question: Disucss about the Cultural Identity and Alienation in a Foreign Culture. Answer: Lost Boys of Sudan brings to light the astonishing tale in relation to two young men who were orphaned on account of the gruesome 20 year Civil War. It highlights the bitter experiences that one has to encounter when one has to leave their homeland and embark on an unknown journey. Their movement to America was marked by good fortune but at the same time was accompanied by cultural changes. The documentary brings to the fore the issue of migration and how it affects the lives of people who feel deserted and lost out (Constantino, 2017). Peter Dutt along with Santino Chuor survived attacks by lion and militia gunfire in order to finally reach a refugee camp in Kenya. Finally, they were chosen to move to America. According to me, while they were in America they were safe from any kind of physical danger but had to endure hardships on account of the mental friction that they experienced owing to cultural differences. My family had to move to America from that of Australia on account of economic reasons and the experiences that I had to encounter are still fresh in my mind. There were a lot of cultural differences and our family had to completely change our mental framework in order to assimilate in the new place. In the film, What Would It Look Like, the actor Cliff Curtis remarks that people are busy involving themselves and are trying to control the minds of other people. People have an intrinsic urge to dictate other people and control the thinking ability of the people. It has been seen through ages that the colonizer tries to control the motives and viewpoint of the colonized and tends to think that the ones who are in the position of power can completely change the personality of the one who is in the inferior position (Deng Marlowe, 2013). The person who is superior tend to think that they are the rightful owners who can treat the inferior ones like slaves. References: Constantino, R. (2017).Neocolonial identity and counter-consciousness: Essays on cultural decolonization. Routledge. Deng, S. A., Marlowe, J. M. (2013). Refugee resettlement and parenting in a different context.Journal of Immigrant Refugee Studies,11(4), 416-430.

Hegel free essay sample

# 8217 ; s Dialectic As Applied To: The American Thesis Essay, Research Paper Hegel? s theory of dialectic provinces that every society has a thesis, this thesis is the footing of what the society was built on, and is what makes it dominant or non. So, what has made America the dominant society in the 20th century? Hegel? s dialectic besides states that every society has an antithesis, which is the antonym of the thesis and replaces it as the drive force behind the society. Which asks the inquiry, what will be the antithesis to the American thesis? America? s thesis is that of the biological construct of self-preservation, to make what is most good for you, and besides to accomplish immortality, and the prolongation of your alone familial make-up through your kids. America? s thrust for self involvement started with its original immigrants. Peoples felt that their state of affairss were excessively awful to bear. We will write a custom essay sample on Hegel or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They fled their states because of spiritual persecution, fiscal bad luck, or governmental subjugation. They fled put on the lining life and limb, for a opportunity to do things better for themselves and their kids. From the really beginning, America? s population was composed nil but those who wanted to do things better for themselves. Capitalism sprouts from this biological science. Those with the most capital and resources have the best opportunity of lasting. Leaving your kids with more resources increases their opportunities of lasting and bring forthing lasting kids themselves, which better insures your cistrons will populate everlastingly through the coevalss. The stating, ? He who dies with the most toys wins, ? can be modified to? He who dies with the richest kids wins. ? American war policy besides comes from self-preservation. In the beginning America? s policy towards war was isolationism and neutrality. This policy ensured that American lives were non lost contending an unneeded war. Then our policy changed, American lives were lost during universe Washington R one, and America had to come in the war. America had to demo that it wasn? T traveling to let American lives to be taken, to allow other states know that we would non be pushed around. Now, America is respected by other states, which know taking American lives will hold great effects. The American thesis is that of sheer opportunism. The logical antithesis of opportunism is of class group involvement. Giving what you can, to guarantee the endurance of the group, which Marx called Communism. Marx says that when Capitalism is at its extremum, when everyone is out merely to do a vaulting horse and a minority owns the bulk of the resources, the labourers will lift up and violently discontinue the agencies of production. Then after a clip of readjustment, all resources will belong to everyone. You will take what you need, and give what you can. Self-interest will still be a impulsive force ; the involvement of the whole is the involvement of the person. If there is a excess, the whole society benefits. If you work harder, so it will do the society that much better, vicariously therefore profiting you. The current thesis of America drives us all to do better merchandises and work harder to do a better life for our kids and ourselves. The thrust for endurance has turned into the thrust for a bigger house and a faster auto. This is justified as good old competition. Materialism, says Marx, will be the ruin of our civilization. Multimillionaires are non necessary ; one can easy last on a in-between category pay. Take all you can and give the least you can acquire off with, will be replaced with give merely what you can, and take merely what you need when this antithesis comes to play. Biology drives us in every facet of our life. It drives us to eat, kip, and reproduce, to experience angry or good. It drives us to seek to do a better life for our kids and ourselves. But when worlds learn to get the better of our cardinal biological science, that thrust will to be to break the society.

Elision in Italian - Italian Elision

Elision in Italian - Italian Elision In Italian linguistics, elision is the omission of a unaccented final vowel before a word beginning with a vowel or the (since the letter â€Å"h† is silent). Normally, in spoken Italian, many elisions take place unconsciously, but only a portion of them are accepted forms in written Italian where they are marked with an apostrophe. A phenomenon similar to elision is called vocalic apocopation. It differs from elision, though, since an apostrophe is never used. The Spoken Elision and the Written Elision In theory, elisions are possible whenever two vowels are adjacent at the beginning or end of adjoining words- especially when those vowels are the same. In practice though, elisions have become less frequent in contemporary Italian, which is ironic since the so-called d eufonica has become increasingly common. Certain elisions seem automatic, like how â€Å"lamico - (male) friend† and â€Å"lamica - (female) friend† sound much better than â€Å"lo amico† and â€Å"la amica.† However, others may appear superfluous, like â€Å"una idea  » unidea.† And certain joined elisions result in awkward spellings with more apostrophes than necessary, like â€Å"dunaltra casa - of another home.† Here are the primary words that can be elided in Italian: Lo, la (as articles or pronouns), una and compounds, questo, questa, quello, quella Lalbero - TreeL’uomo - ManLho vista - I saw her / itUnantica via - an old streetNient’altro - Nothing elseNessunaltra- Nothing elseQuestorso - This bearQuestalunna - This student The preposition â€Å"di† and other grammatical morphemes ending in -i, like the pronouns mi, ti, si, vi Dandare - About goingDItalia - Of ItalyDell’altro - OtherD’accordo - Of agreement (e.g Sono d’accordo - I agree)D’oro - Of goldMha parlato - He talked to meMascolti? - Are you listening to me?Talzi presto? - Did you get up early?Savvià ² - He proceededSudirono - (They) were heardVilludono - They are deceiving you The preposition da is usually not elided, except in a few fixed phrases Daltronde - MoreoverD’altra parte - Somewhere elseDora in poi - From now on For ci and gli (and also as an article), there must be continuity with the usual spelling of the sounds: ci, ce, cia, cio, ciu; gli, glie, glia, glio, gliu. That is to say, ci is elided before e- or i-, while gli elides only before another i-. Accordingly cindicà ² la strada - he / she showed us the roadCà ¨ - there isc’era(no) - there was / there areCeravamo - There wasglItaliani - ItaliansGlimpedironoT’acchiappo - I catch you Some exceptions are: ci andà ² - he / she went thereci obbligarono - they forced usgli alberi - treesgli ultimi - the last The particle (particella) : se nandà ² - he / she left. Many other words such as santo, santa, senza, bello, bella, buono, buona, grande: SantAngelo - Saint AngelSantAnna - Saint AnnaSenzaltro - Certainly, definitelyBellaffare - Good businessBellamica - Good friendBuon’anima - Good soulGranduomo - Great man Others: Mezz’ora - Half hourA quattr’occhi - Face to faceArdo d’amore - I’m burning with love for you

I want you to choose a suitable topic for each page Assignment

I want you to choose a suitable topic for each page - Assignment Example I think the film exhibits Curley more as a â€Å"Mayor of the Poor† evident in the way he offers himself to be the most approachable person of that rank in comparison to others that assumed the same position before. This is evident in the way he constantly makes contact with the people whom he thought desperately needed money and voted for him immensely. Hence, disentangle them from what they were struggling with in financially. Literally, he had no business with the rich but more specifically the poor who comprised the immigrants and supported him politically in maintaining his mayoral position. Curley extensively utilized his charismatic and magnetic speaking prowess in outdoing his competitors (Allison & Bulger 33). Hence, it is for this reason he manages to offer series of speeches throughout the city and country to win people’s heart. One incident that he successfully managed to outdo his competitor was when he was challenging Kenny. He took his speech and read impeccably to the people besides later repeating how Kenny would have done while repeating sections and statements that his competitor showed flaws in delivering it. Hence, revealing the dull and weakness side of Kenny. Curley’s house is a metaphorical representation of his life and political career. It signifies his rise in politics and personal life from a poor background to the level he is at the top of everybody by being a mayor in Boston. Similar to any political career that has a climax, this also happens to Curley whereby after loosing power, skills as well as other political antics becomes obsolete to the extent together with his wife moves to a small house. This is shifting of power from one personality to another especially, which is a common scenario when attached its attachment encompasses material and position. The film utilizes Curley’s climax in his political career in revealing the true traits of this charismatic mayor. This is because while he was poor and

Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 8

Religion - Essay Example However, the activities of the believers in all areas of public life are subjected to the inverse effect of the objective factors in the development of the economy, politics and culture. Thus we can observe an "imposition" of religious attitudes on other social relations. The aim of this work is to analyze the influence of religion on the American society. Religion affects the society according to its specific features, reflected in doctrine, worship, organization, ethics, rules of relationship to the world and so forth. It is a systemic entity, which comprises a number of elements and conditions, representing consciousness with its features and levels of religious attitudes and activities. Religious writings have also undertaken a lot of changes during the evolution processes. â€Å"Since the Reformation denominatiolism has been the characteristic expression of Christianity on its ecclesiastical side. The right of private judgment and freedom from ecclesiastical superiors, that priceless boon of modern believers, has led to great variety in the interpretation of the New Testament† (Mullins, E. Y., 1908, 12). Thus, the views of religion in relation to different branches of the American society have been constantly updated. According to Gallup institute, the influence of religion on the American society weakens every year. Howev er, people still express the need for faith. It indicates the strength of the religious foundations of American society and shows that public state in relation to faith is much more important than the individual one. On a support telephone line opposite the United Methodist Church in Newtown (Connecticut) secured a star with the word "Love". This church helps people to recover from the tragedy of December 2012, when the criminal shot 20 children and 6 adults at the local elementary school. The church was opened for everyone to pray. The congregation brought food and provided the psychological support

Enviromental Impact Assessment Of New Kuantan International Airport Engineering Essay

Enviromental Impact Assessment Of New Kuantan International Airport Engineering Essay This environmental impact assessment (EIA) has been prepared by Gemilang Alam Sekitar (M) Sdn. Bhd. as appointed consultant by the Government to evaluate a complete environmental impact assessment on New Kuantan International Airport (KIA) in Kuantan, Pahang. This report is prepared for the authorities review, accounting Malaysia Government guidelines and regulation under Environmental Quality Act 1974 Act 127. This report has been produced firmly based on: Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Field visits to the Project site, and, Few discussions with State government and related Federal government officials with environmental responsibilities. To carry out EIA process, some methods are used including; Meetings and discussions with Federal and State government officials, Visit to the Project site and surrounding areas, Discussions with citizens near the Project site, Surround noise, air quality and surface water quality, Sampling and testing the sample taken in the field and in the laboratory, and, Gathering the methods with professionals knowledge, expertise and experiences. PROJECT DESCRIPTION The rapid economic development and tourism industry in Kuantan, Pahang has resulted in a growing demand for air transportation. The capital city of Pahang, Kuantan occupied with more than a half million of citizens, approximately 607,778 people. This 9th largest city in Malaysia has 57% Malays, 32% Chinese, 4% Indian and 7% other races. Kuantan is currently served by air mainly by Sultan Ahmad Shah Airport but it is more on military purposes. Public passenger and cargo loading are no more available. The nearest airport for public air transportation can be accessed from Sultan Mahmud Airport in Kuala Terengganu, about 207km or 4 hours journey on road. A small airport in Kerteh which called Kerteh Airport is located 115km from Kuantan city centre and it takes almost two hours to reach the small airport. Kerteh Airport operations are restricted to oil-rig labours whose working for anchor national petroleum company, PETRONAS. This proposed Project is to design and construct a new international airport for Kuantan in order to re-operate the public passenger and cargo air transportation in the city, thus rejuvenate and induce the tourism industry into higher level. Site location studies were conducted in 2005 by appointed consultant, Megah Hijau (M) Sdn. Bhd. and the subject to run the EIA process was identified. In 2007, about 250 hectares (ha) of land was purchased by Federal Government of Malaysia to construct the KIA. Based on Megah Hijaus study, site clearing was completed in 2008 by local contractor within 6 months. The clearing process was under contract with the Department of Civil Aviation Malaysia. The KIA development phase at first will meet the forecasting air traffic demand for the year 2010. This will engage large turboprop aircraft with relevant range to cover numerous destinations locally and internationally. The development process takes in the improvement of soil and earthworks preliminarily to construct a runaway with 4000m length and 50m width. The Project also will embrace the construction of: Passenger and cargo terminal Access road and car park Control tower Rescue building Airport staff residences Waste water management system Electricity generator unit and Fuel farm Airport navigational aid and safety equipments ENVIRONMENT DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT SITE Physical Resources and Environment Project Location The Project location is in flat areas with small hills, which typically the topography of Kuantan located near to the Titiwangsa range. Elevation on the project site is range between 20 and 53m above the mean sea level. The soil of the Project site consists of muddy clay with less organic material. The condition of the soil sufficiently fit the requirements of constructing the embankment. The embankment is used to flat the terrain areas. Luckily, the Project site is free from earthquake and soil erosion hazard. The climate at the Project site is warm and wet, typical with the climate of Peninsular Malaysia which located proximity to the equator. Rain falls throughout the year, with heavy rain normally in November to March due to northeast monsoon. The average monthly rainfall in Kuantan is 250 mm. Meanwhile, the monthly temperature during the day is between 29 °C 35 °C, and 26 °C 29 °C at night. Kuantan average monthly wind velocity is 4km/hour directed to the Southwest, hence there is no typhoon recorded so far. The EIA performed the monitoring test for the air quality and noise in three locations, where two on the Project site and one in the Kuantan city centre. The results are shown in the table below. Parameter Unit Sample Point 1 2 3 Wind direction From SW `SW SW Wind speed m/s 4 3 7 Temperature  °C 31 33 35 Humidity % 89 91 83 Atmospheric Pressure cmHg 71 71 71 Suspended Particulate Matter ÃŽ ¼g/m3 34 32 36 Oxide Nitrogen (NO2) ÃŽ ¼g/m3 5 6 14 Sulphur Dioxide (SO2) ÃŽ ¼g/m3 1 1 5 Carbon Monoxide (CO) ppm 0.101 0.112 0.173 Hydrocarbon ppm 0.020 0.017 0.031 Noise dBA 34-41 36-43 45-67 Air Quality Standard is based on Recommended Malaysian Air Quality Guidelines (RMAQG) Department of Environment, Malaysia. Sample point 1 and 2 are taken from two different spots at the Project site, whereas the 3rd point is located in the Kuantan city centre. We can see the different in the test results at different location. The air quality in each location was better than the recommend national standard. The volume of hydrocarbon and Carbon Monoxide were higher in the city centre compare to the other sample points. On the Project site and surroundings, there is no river, stream, or lake identified. So, there will be no impact of water pollution in the area. For this reason, the quality of the groundwater undoubted with minimal treatment and can be used to supply water to the Project facilities rather than taking the water directly from nearest river which may considerably higher in cost. Ecological Resources The flora and fauna on the Project site are commonly found in most Peninsular forest. So, they are not endangered or protected species. Animals like snakes, wild boars, and typical local birds are the group of animal inhabit in the Project site. The flora in the site consists mainly with brushes and grasslands with no canopy trees. There site currently has no sign of logging activity as the trees available are not suitable to log. Furthermore, there is no agricultural activity on the Project site with more arable land available. Economic and Human Development The KIA project site is located in an area with low population volume. No indigenous population found in the area. There are about 500 families living in two villages, Kampung Melayu dan Kampung Cina, within a range of 10-15 km from the Project site. These residence areas are dwelling by migrants within past 20 years. They come from different places in the Peninsular Malaysia. Moreover, there is no mineral resources on the site, so that, there is no mining industry. The residents in the area are mostly working in the town as government servants, self-working, small businessman and housewife. There are mixture income backgrounds of the dwellers in the area. Overall, the income level in the area is in middle range. Kuantan, as with the rest of major capital city in Malaysia, is the one of the main focus of the Federal Government to develop the city with more economical value. Federal Government in the East Coast Economic Region (ECER) has identified the tourism industry potential in Kuantan. So, the Federal Government take this opportunity through the plan to coordinate an appropriate approach to enhance Kuantan attraction by constructing KIA. Quality of Life Values On the site, there are no historical, wildernesses, archaeological, cultural or protected resources, or in proximity to the site. Public facilities such as school, health care centre, power line, telephone line, are not located in the Project site area or within 8km from the site. Most of the facilities are located near to the residential areas. The main roads to be access are East Coast Highway and basic access road provided by the authorities near to the neighbourhood. ANTICIPATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES In this section, we will disclose the potential impact of the KIA development project on the surrounding environment and suggest mitigation measures. The report will cover the potential impacts associated with design, location, construction and operation. Briefly, the impacts are summed in the next table. Other additional impact on environment also will be discussed out of the table. Loss of Ecological, Cultural, or Other Resources Action Affecting Environmental Resources and Values Possible Effects on the Environment Significance of Possible Effects Not significant Significant Low Medium Impact of KIA Design Flooding Downstream flooding, erosion X Slope erosion Siltation of caught water affecting surface water quality X Human and petroleum waste disposal Pollution of surface and groundwater X The construction of KIA will create a solid surface in the area its covers. There will be less significant impact on slope erosion and flooding or flash flooding. A proper design of the airport base and cutting-edge construction technology will alleviate adverse impact on the drainage system. The embankment that will be built at the runway strip potentially mitigates slope erosion effect. Wastewater treatment plant will be place at the site project to reduce the effect of bacteria and turbidity from human waste. KIA will use recent human waste treatment technology with environment friendly processes. It is undeniable that there will be fuel spilling occurring during the aircraft refuelling. So it is crucial to trap and treat these wastes before the wastes enter the main drainage system. To mitigate the impact, KIAs drainage system will be designed properly to channel the waste into the subsurface drains which contain trapping system to filter out the petroleum waste. Then, the petroleum waste streams to the wastewater treatment plan to break the hydrocarbon bonds which it initiated. Action Affecting Environmental Resources and Values Possible Effects on the Environment Significance of Possible Effects Not significant Significant Low Medium Impact of KIA Location Disruption of groundwater Changes in hydrologic regime Pollution by spoils leach ate impairment of profits impairment of drinking water source irrigation usage X X X Resettlement Disruption of houses X Changes in nearby land values Increases land values around the KIA and general area X Environmental aesthetics degradation environmental aesthetics values decrease X Loss of archaeological, cultural, or historical sites Loss of significant sites X The groundwater will not disrupt by the project because the level of the groundwater is 10-12 metres below the surface level of the KIAs construction site. So the Project would not impair drinking water resources and irrigation usage. The nearest residential area located about 10km outside the Project site and adequately far from airport operation. So, there is no necessary to relocate they settlement. It will be minor appreciation of land value, particularly the land that closest to the Project site and main road access, East Coast Highway and basic road access to the Project location. This impact can be mitigated by a strict regulation by the local government who may control the development project off the site. Planning, zoning and appropriate permits could help avoiding unnecessary development. Action Affecting Environmental Resources and Values Possible Effects on the Environment Significance of Possible Effects Not significant Significant Low Medium Impact during KIA Construction Sediment runoff Damage to aquatic ecology and/or flooding problems X Workers safety Hazards to workershealth and safety X Endemic communicable disease hazards Damage to workershealth X Malarial disease hazards Damage to workershealth X Slum creation hazards Slums forming in construction housing after completion X Cultural differences hazards Social disruption X Escape of hazardous materials Damage to health of nearby residents X Escape of air pollutants and dust Damage to health and nuisance X Noise and vibrations Damage to health and nuisance X Quarrying/blasting Blasting hazards Failure to restore quarry site Hazards to safety of workers and nearby residents Loss of environmental aesthetics and land values X X Disruption of nearby utilities Disruption to services X Blocking of traffic/access to the KIA Disruption of through highway traffic X During the Project construction, there are expected to subject minimal impacts, provided that the construction will adopt environment friendly and high technology design and construction practises and procedures. A contractual guarantee between the contractors and the local government will be signed before the works begin, as this agreement will be the provision to mitigate environmental impacts. Special conditions and specification will be detailed in the contract to drive the construction projects undertakings in a good manner with no unduly effect to the natural environment. The impact of sedimentation and siltation will be mitigated by structuring silt barriers and sediment ponds. These temporary retention ponds practically useful to produce topsoil for agricultural purposes because the topsoil is enriches with organic matter. There will be no quarrying activity near to the site or on the site. The noise and vibration from the construction works will be minimal as no piling and drilling activities expected. Since the residential areas are 10km away from the Project site, it is expected that dust from the main construction operations and the noise from the machinery will not affect the villagers prominently. The local government regulated that there is no construction operation allow at night, as a part of the mitigation measures. Worker safety is one of the main factor should be highlighted by the developers. The workers will be protected by a contract and insurance policy. Good construction practise guidelines must be complied to implement safe site undertakings. Apparently, there is no hazard from aircrafts onto the workers as KIA is a new airport project. Workers health will be monitored by the panel health care centres appointed by the developer companies. To mitigate traffic congestion in main access roads, contractors will construct a temporary lane especially for the trucks and heavy equipments to access easily into the Project site. Also there is no disruption of utilities expected because the Project will be powered by special generator. Action Affecting Environmental Resources and Value Possible Effects on the Environment Significance of Possible Effects Not significant Significant Low Medium Impact during KIA Operation Noise disturbance Hazard or nuisance to nearby residents X Vibration disturbance Damage to nearby residents X Water pollution Damage to surface and groundwater quality X Air pollution Hazard or nuisance to nearby residents/buildings X Erosion from newly completed earthworks Risks to aquatic ecology or flooding X Pollution from normal highway runoff Risks to aquatic ecology X Highway spills of hazardous materials Risks to residents and passerby X Escape of sanitary wastes Health hazards to passengers or nearby residents X Congestion at airport access or exit points Loss of time/air pollution X Hazards to traffic on highways near KIA from proximity to planes landing/taking off Highway accidents X As the KIA operates, there will be minimal effect of noise and vibration to residential area nearest to the airport. During the EIA study, the 10km away residents are just subject to 36-43 decibels from daily vehicle traffics. The noise analysis has been implemented using approved methods by the International Civil Aviation Organization with the help by Department of Civil Aviation of Malaysia. The analysis proved that the aircraft noise would not bring significant impact to the residential area as anticipated earlier. The sanitary wastes will be treated in the wastewater treatment plan. Therefore, there is no issue of contaminated water around the Project site. Furthermore, Malaysia has adequate experience in managing sewage treatment operation and maintenance in KIA as the plant system adopted and improved Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) wastewater management system. The system meets the World Health Organization (WHO) standards as part of the Project requirements. As explained earlier, there is minimal air pollution around the KIA site. The absence of industry around the site area minimizes the impact. Carbon emission from the operated aircrafts will not massively alter the condition. It is anticipated that during the KIA operation, the quality of life of the nearest population to be much better compare to existing life. The construction of KIA more-or-less will contribute to the advancement in the socioeconomic to the area near the KIA as well as city of Kuantan and other neighbouring districts, Pekan and Rompin. In addition, the infrastructure and public facilities indisputably will be improved due to the operation of KIA. COST BENEFIT ANALYSES Items Description Internal Rates of Return Estimated economic rate of return is 15%. Financial internal rate of return is 4.5%. An increase in financial rate is due to increase in airport rates and charges. Economic Benefits Increase in net visitor expenditure Savings travel time Value to foregone passengers and cargo traffic Savings cost in domestic aviation operation. Reduce hazards to aircrews and passengers. Generate employments Increase property values at nearest land. Project Costs Civil works Equipment and its installation works Consultation costs Supervision costs Environmental conserving costs Monitoring and Reporting Costs Monitoring environmental impacts costs Consultant and Supervision costs Maintenance costs Nonquantified Environmental Impacts Noise pollution Air pollution Surface and groundwater pollution Monitoring Program The impacts on environment of the proposed KIA Project are expected to be less significance. However, a delicate monitoring program is required to make sure the environments are not arbitrarily harmed by the irresponsible personnel. Monitoring program started as early as the Project begins. Monitoring during the construction process primarily highlighted on controlling the sedimentation and soil erosion. Water quality, worker safety and traffic smoothness also will be covered. After the project finished, estimated 4 years, monitoring program will be continued during the operational phase. Water flow and quality, noise and vibration and air quality will be checked on monthly basis. Department of Civil Aviation and Malaysia Airports Holdings Berhad are the bodies that responsible to monitor the construction process so that the Project construction progress well. Department of Environment and local authorities are responsible to monitor regulations on environmental issues. The bodies must ensure that the contractors carry out necessary controls and mitigation measures as written and signed in the contracts. Monthly progress reports on environmental monitoring process will be prepared by the appointed consultant, Gemilang Alam Sekitar (M) Sdn. Bhd. the reports will be handed to the authorities for revision. CONCLUSION From the EIA process, the KIA construction will not adversely affect the environment of the Project site, significantly. The usage of approved construction techniques will mitigate the impact of soil erosion, in fact improved the soil condition. Minor negative environment impacts can be avoided by cutting-edge technologies, good management on the Project site and appropriate regulations. Monitoring program is necessary to review the construction works from the pre-construction until the post-construction phases. In order to make sure the monitoring program succeeded, consultants and government bodies must play their role well, so that, there will be no more harm to the environment.

Partial-Birth Abortion: The Logical and Illogical Arguments Essay

Partial-Birth Abortion: The Logical and Illogical Arguments In 1992, a new abortion procedure was introduced to the United States public. It was first performed by Dr. James McMahon and explained by Dr. Martin Haskell (Scully). It was used during the second and third trimesters (around twenty to twenty-four weeks along) and involved partially delivering the fetus so the doctors could remove the baby’s brain with suction (Wagner). The term â€Å"D&X†, which stands for â€Å"intact dilation and extraction,† was used to refer to this procedure (Hoyt). It was not until a few years later that debates about this procedure came about. In 1995, â€Å"Representative Charles Canady (R., Fla) introduced the Partial Birth Abortion Act† (Scully). Since then, the issue has been debated extensively. There have been questions about the accuracy of some facts that have been presented. This extremely political issue has more than just the usual two sides: Democratic and Republican. There are people against it who would like it banned completely, while others are against it but do not think it should be banned. Then, there are some who are in favor of it because they see nothing wrong with it, while still others are in favor of it just because they think that doing away with it would take away women’s rights. Those opinions and any others can mainly boil down to proponents and opponents of partial-birth abortion. In many articles over the years, both proponents and opponents have each given their logical appeals, emotional appeals, and ethical appeals while trying to destroy the other side of the issue. The first topic to discuss is the logical appeal of the argument. According to the proponents for the issue of part... ...here is now a ban on partial-birth abortion in the United States, passed in March 2003. Works Cited Black, Chris. â€Å"The Partial-Birth Fraud.† The American Prospect 12 (September 24, 2001): A2. Bordlee, Dorinda C. â€Å"Partial Birth: What Next?† Christianity Today 44 (August 7, 2000): 67. Hoyt, Mike. â€Å"Abortion: Partial Truths.† Columbia Journalism Review 36 (May-June 1997): 12(2). Scully, Matthew. â€Å"Partial Truth.† The Human Life Review 24 (Summer 1998): 103(4). Strickler, Karyn. â€Å"Partial Birth Abortion Bans: Why Does the Big Lie Continue?† http://www.commondreams.org/views03/0312-10.htm. Published March 12, 2003. Accessed April 15, 2003. Wagner, Teresa R. â€Å"The Partial-Birth Abortion War.† World and I 14 (September 1999): 86. Walker, Graham. â€Å"Why stop at the third trimester?† The Human Life Review 22 (Winter 1996): 105(2). Partial-Birth Abortion: The Logical and Illogical Arguments Essay Partial-Birth Abortion: The Logical and Illogical Arguments In 1992, a new abortion procedure was introduced to the United States public. It was first performed by Dr. James McMahon and explained by Dr. Martin Haskell (Scully). It was used during the second and third trimesters (around twenty to twenty-four weeks along) and involved partially delivering the fetus so the doctors could remove the baby’s brain with suction (Wagner). The term â€Å"D&X†, which stands for â€Å"intact dilation and extraction,† was used to refer to this procedure (Hoyt). It was not until a few years later that debates about this procedure came about. In 1995, â€Å"Representative Charles Canady (R., Fla) introduced the Partial Birth Abortion Act† (Scully). Since then, the issue has been debated extensively. There have been questions about the accuracy of some facts that have been presented. This extremely political issue has more than just the usual two sides: Democratic and Republican. There are people against it who would like it banned completely, while others are against it but do not think it should be banned. Then, there are some who are in favor of it because they see nothing wrong with it, while still others are in favor of it just because they think that doing away with it would take away women’s rights. Those opinions and any others can mainly boil down to proponents and opponents of partial-birth abortion. In many articles over the years, both proponents and opponents have each given their logical appeals, emotional appeals, and ethical appeals while trying to destroy the other side of the issue. The first topic to discuss is the logical appeal of the argument. According to the proponents for the issue of part... ...here is now a ban on partial-birth abortion in the United States, passed in March 2003. Works Cited Black, Chris. â€Å"The Partial-Birth Fraud.† The American Prospect 12 (September 24, 2001): A2. Bordlee, Dorinda C. â€Å"Partial Birth: What Next?† Christianity Today 44 (August 7, 2000): 67. Hoyt, Mike. â€Å"Abortion: Partial Truths.† Columbia Journalism Review 36 (May-June 1997): 12(2). Scully, Matthew. â€Å"Partial Truth.† The Human Life Review 24 (Summer 1998): 103(4). Strickler, Karyn. â€Å"Partial Birth Abortion Bans: Why Does the Big Lie Continue?† http://www.commondreams.org/views03/0312-10.htm. Published March 12, 2003. Accessed April 15, 2003. Wagner, Teresa R. â€Å"The Partial-Birth Abortion War.† World and I 14 (September 1999): 86. Walker, Graham. â€Å"Why stop at the third trimester?† The Human Life Review 22 (Winter 1996): 105(2).

Reward Systems Essay

Once of a manager’s most important tools is the ability to select rewards and time the rewards properly. Even if managers are not solely responsible for financial rewards, they can use a number of tools to increase the effectiveness of their organization. Reward systems can address several important managerial objectives as they relate to employee motivation. A solid reward system requires concerted attention in its development. The following sections provide a basis for a well-contructed reward system. Purposes of Reward Systems Reward systems serve several purposes in organizations. Effective reward systems help an organization be more competitive, retain key employees, and reduce turnover. Reward systems also can enhance employee motivation and reinforce the image of an organization among key stakeholders or future employees. People are the most important resource for organizational competitiveness, and keeping them on the job is a key task for any manager. Competition to attract and keep the best employees is intense. For people looking for a career opportunity, that’s great news, but as a manager of an organization needing to keep the best and brightest, it is a challenge. It may be even harder in the nonprofit and public sectors where flexibility in providing financial rewards may be more limited than in a commercial context. Retaining employees saves money on retraining costs, improves the consistency of services, and allows for relationships to develop between clients and the organization. In a ddition, proper rewards systems can reduce absences. Absences cause innumerable headaches for managers. Instructors who don’t show up, too few staff members at busy times, and the lack of a cleanup crew can all increase workplace stress. Absences not only affect the manager but also fellow employees who need to pick up the slack and clients who feel the brunt of too few employees on site. As suggested earlier, understanding who, what, and when to reward can improve employees’ performance. However, the improper use of rewards can have a debilitating effect on employee performance. Managers need to understand their employees’ perceptions of the importance and fairness of the reward and then clearly communicate what needs to be done to receive the reward. Effective use of rewards can encourage employees to gain the skills that are necessary to  help them and the organization grow. This can also increase their desire to continue being part of the organization. For example, an organization can pay and provide time off for employees who want to take advanced courses in an area that is valuable for the organization. Some organizations may even provide time off or support to help employees advance their own personal goals or skill sets. Ideally, an organization wants employees who not only show up to work but are excited about being there as well. This passion for work has been referred to as affective commitment. Although research is somewhat preliminary, there is s ome indication that affective commitment can be strengthened by rewards that enhance employee perceptions of being supported and having control of the work situation. Finally, reward systems can also help with recruiting efforts. Just as happy customers may be the best advertisement for a particular product, happy employees are often a great tool for recruiting new employees and making the organization a workplace of choice. Think about the kind of job you want. Often you will easily be able to identify an organization that stands above the others as a great place to work. As a consequence of this, the organization can attract the best and brightest, creating a virtuous circle whereby it becomes an even more attractive workplace. Hopefully you can see that establishing the right reward structure for an organization is critical to its success. The following sections delve into the details of various reward structures. Types of Rewards Understanding how each employee perceives and values different rewards is an essential part of management. Managers need to grasp an understanding of extrinsic and intrinsic rewards. Extrinsic rewards are external rewards tied to certain employee behaviors, skills, time, or roles in an organization. How employees perceive these rewards relevant to their performance and the rewards given to others will ultimately determine the effectiveness of the rewards. Managers also need to understand how much value each employee places on specific extrinsic rewards. For example, a well-paid but overworked employee may value additional vacation time or a reduced workload more than a few extra dollars. Money, praise, awards, and incentive prizes such as tickets to a concert or a game are all examples of extrinsic motivators. Whatever motivator the manager chooses, the employee must see  the reward as a motivator for it to be effective. For example, if the extrinsic reward is tickets to the opera, an employee who hates the opera likely would not be motivated by the tickets. On the other hand, if the employee is a football fan and the extrinsic reward is tickets to a major game, the motivator might be more effective. It is simpler to explain what intrinsic rewards are by discussing what they are not. Intrinsic rewards do not have an obvious external incentive; that is, people are not acting to get a tangible reward, be it time off or money. Instead, they act because it feels good or provides some form of internal satisfaction. Intrinsic rewards are often more highly valued and more effective over time, yet using them is a difficult managerial task. Intrinsic rewards derive from employees feeling good about the job they have done, the effort they have put forward, or the role they played in a team project. Intrinsic rewards in the workplace come from the job itself, so to provide intrinsic reinforcement, a manager should enrich the job. Job enrichment involves improving work p rocesses and environments so they are more satisfying for employees, such as eliminating dysfunctional elements or enlarging jobs (increasing the duties and responsibilities of a job). Developing an effective reward system can be a difficult task. The following sections provide some guidance on the basics of an effective reward system. These sections focus almost exclusively on extrinsic rewards, but intrinsic rewards should also be considered when developing each employee’s job. Monetary Versus Nonmonetary Rewards Monetary rewards are most commonly given in the form of pay increases, bonuses, or increases in benefits, such as pension or health care premiums. Such rewards can be divided into two categories: direct and indirect compensation (table 11.1). Both contribute to the financial betterment of an employee. Direct compensation is relatively straightforward and consists of increases in hourly pay, increases in hours (for nonsalaried employees), increases in salary, merit pay based on performance, seniority pay based on time with an organization, and bonuses based on the achievement of individual, group, or organizational objectives. Indirect monetary compensation includes increases to benefits or the addition  of benefits such as a dental plan. It can also include paid leave in the form of vacation days, days off for training, or longer time off such as a sabbatical, as well as paid leave for illness, caring for a child, or caring for an elderly parent. Additionally, some organizations may offer services as part of an indirect compensation package, such as on-site child care, an elder care program, an on-site cafeteria, a games room or gym, and confidential counseling services for employees and their families. Again, indirect compensation should be valuable to employees and ideally should offer choices from a range of services. Nonmonetary rewards cost the organization but do not directly improve the employee’s financial position (table 11.1). Supplying employees with the best tools possible to do their job is an example, such as providing a new high-end laptop or having an excellent training facility f or coaches at a university. A good office location, choice of furnishings, or special parking place can all be nonmonetary rewards. Employees may not know the full details of pay and other monetary benefits of coworkers, but nonmonetary rewards are often visible and can create perceptions of inequity in an organization. In some cases, this may be the intent of managers who want employees to strive to achieve the stereotypical corner office, but often it may also unintentionally encourage feelings of inequity. That inequity may have positive implications for an organization if employees strive to increase performance, or it can result in turnover and reduced performance. As with any reward, nonmonetary rewards need to be carefully thought out before being implemented. Performance-Based Versus Membership-Based Rewards One of the most difficult challenges for managers is to decide what to base rewards on. A common distinction is performance-based versus membership-based rewards. As the name implies, performance-based rewards are tied to the ability of an individual, team, group, or organization to meet some previously agreed-upon standard of performance. Performance rewards are based on an evaluation of contribution and awards are allocated based on that evaluation. Membership-based rewards are allocated solely for being part of a group within an organization. These rewards commonly include annual cost-of-living increases to a base salary or support for an equity policy. For example, if a park and recreation department was looking to  encourage staff to have master’s degrees or obtain certification, they might offer pay incentives for having either or both. Membership-based rewards are also often tied to length of time with an organization. For instance, after a certain length of service w ith an organization, employees may receive a certain percentage increase to their pay or be eligible for additional benefits. In a unionized environment, many of these rewards are spelled out in a labor agreement. To illustrate the difference between the two structures, let’s look at annual raises. A performance-based structure means that each employee’s performance is evaluated and raises are based on performance, with the highest performers getting the most money. A membership-based structure means that all employees receive the same raise regardless of performance. Membership structures can be demotivating to high performers because they get the same rewards despite working harder. Nontraditional Rewards As more and more managers understand the importance of individualizing reward systems, the use of nontraditional rewards will continue to grow. Time is often a key constraint, and for many people work is a major time commitment. Ways in which employees can individualize their work schedule are becoming increasingly important rewards. Four methods of individualization are reduced workweeks, staggered daily schedules, flextime, and working from home. Reduced Workweek A reduced workweek often sees employees working a 4-day week instead of 5 days. In return for that extra day, employees work longer on their 4 days in the office. For example, in a 40-hour workweek from Monday through Friday, employees would work 8-hour days, but the reduced workweek would see hours increase to 10 hours a day for 4 days. The benefits to the employees are longer blocks of time to take care of their personal lives, less frequent and often less busy commutes, and ultimately more useful time for themselves. The organization has no additional expenses and evidence suggests that absenteeism and time lost for personal reasons decreases. However, there are also downsides for both employees and the organization. Parents, for example, may find it difficult to find child care that is open late or early enough to accommodate the longer work schedule. The longer  work day may also be a constraint to people who are involved in weekly evening activities, be it coaching a team or attending an art class. Some jobs may also not lend themselves to longer days. A lifeguard or sport instructor may be considerably less effective in those last 2 hours, which can lead to decreased performance and in some cases safety risks. Also, the hours and timing of work may affect service to clients. Even if an organization maintains its regular schedule, clients expecting to reach a particular person during traditional business hours may find the new schedule frustrating. Finally, reduced workweeks seem to be most effective when employees themselves are involved in creating the schedule. Understand that employees participating in reduced workweeks need to be scheduled so that the entire organization is not gone on Friday! Staggered Daily Schedule An alternative to a reduced workweek may be a staggered daily schedule. Employees still work their designated weekly hours but can allocate those hours in different ways. For example, one employee may want to come in late and leave later to accommodate dropping off children. Someone else may prefer being in the office an hour earlier and leaving an hour earlier. These schedules may even be adapted weekly or monthly to accommodate changing employee needs. This idea meets employees’ individual needs but can often be difficult to manage. Again, a staggered daily schedule may not be appropriate in all settings and must consider not only employee needs but also organizational requirements and client desires. Flextime Flextime allows some employee freedom while still meeting client and organizational needs. Employees are expected to be in the office during a certain time frame, usually ranging from 4 to 6 hours, such as 9:30 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. Flextime emphasizes productivity and allows the employee some leeway in that flexibility zone (before 9:30 a.m. and after 3:30 p.m.). For example, take Pat, an aquatics programmer. Pat has two school-aged children and requires some flexibility to drop them off and pick them up at school. Pat has worked with the employer and agreed that he will be at the pool between the hours of 9:30 and 3:30 but will complete the rest of his work elsewhere. This ensures that Pat’s coworkers and clients can reach him at predictable times while still allowing him the personal flexibility he  requires at this point in his life. This type of arrangement has been effective for many organizations and employees, although obviously it won’t work in all situations. Fl extime also allows a staff person more control over their hours. For example, a special events coordinator works 5 hours over the weekend. The following week, the coordinator comes in an hour later than usual each day. Working From Home As technology has advanced, the option of working at home for some or all of the workday is becoming increasingly possible. A high-speed Internet connection and a laptop computer connected to the workplace network provide many people with everything they need to do their job. Obviously this arrangement is more suited to some positions than others. A job developing programs for a municipal recreation department would be more suited to a work-at-home plan as opposed to the job of instructing the programs. Working for some or all of the workweek at home can offer fewer workplace distractions, allow employees time to concentrate on projects that are important to the organization, and make more effective use of the day by eliminating the need to commute as well as the usual time killers present in most offices. However, working from home is not for everyone. The distractions of the home require discipline, and for those who consistently work at home the blurred distinction between home an d office can be unsettling. Additionally, monitoring employees at home is nearly impossible. Evaluation needs to be performance based and work-at-home schemes do not work for organizations that want to monitor how employees spend their time. Allowing employees to work at home part of the time, however, may be an excellent compromise for both employees and the organization.

Term Paper on Abortion

Term Paper on Abortion Abortion For many decades, the topic of abortion has found its way to the centre of much controversy. In its broadest sense abortion is the taking of a life regardless of the state of the life form at the time of expelling the fetus. The topic is extremely controversial as Christians and non Christians alike argue the topic and the idea of free will on the part of the pregnant mother. While some individuals believe that abortion is a matter of choice, there are others who believe that the law must be enforced as women should take responsibility for their unwanted pregnancies. Still, the moral and ethical principles surrounding abortion rests in the decision of the pregnant mother. There are numerous legal cases that justify the need to rid oneself of unwanted pregnancies and then there are those laws that prevent a woman from expelling the fetus. The average person would define abortion as the end of a pregnancy. But, the arguments surrounding abortion is not as simple as the typical definition of the term. Similar to all aspects of the life of a human, abortion is not just a simple picture in black and white, but instead it contains a number of gray areas that require much interpretation. Those who dispute the claims that abortion is a true reflection of murder, do so in direct contrast to those who believe that the woman has the right to decide what happens to her body. If a woman decides that she does not want a child, then the choice to abort the child is that woman’s right. After all, some advocate who argue in support of abortion would quickly suggest that the vessel can be overturned at any part of the journey because the carried becomes tired of the burden. But, this callous thought on abortion goes against the legal and biblical beliefs of those who belief that an abortion cannot be justified under the law. For both arguments there are solid or concrete arguments that support the different beliefs. In the case of a mother carrying a child that she cannot possible take care of, the law should support the choice that she should have an abortion. Although some critics argue that abortion only gives the women the right to have unprotected sex, there is still the ideology that the woman should not be forced to keep a child that she does not want. As one would expect many individuals oppose the idea of abortion on the premise that the life of the baby is more important than the personal needs of the woman to chose not to have a child. The Christian Coalition, Human Life International, and other human rights group in the society support the right to human life and argue that there is no justification to an abortion. But, these arguments stop short of the arguments on the right to life. Conversely, the hypocrisy of such ludicrous arguments does not criticize the way governments go to war and ki ll numerous innocent civilians. Yet, the debate continues in an effort to deprive the individual of their constitutional freedom of speech, life, and liberty. These pro-life advocates argue that abortion is the murder of an unsuspecting life and those who carry out abortions attempt to play God when they determine who lives and who dies. In addition, these pro-life advocates believe that abortion is a risky process that causes harm to both the mother and the unborn child. As a result, pro-life advocates argue that a woman should look at the other options such as adoption, instead of having an abortion. Of course with the many challenges in the foster care system and the challenges that one goes through in the carrying out an abortion, not many pregnant mothers want to carry a child into this world. The harsh reality is that adoption is a lengthy process and in many cases children suffer in these foster homes so for those who support abortion, there is no question that abortion is the best option for these unborn fetus. One cannot build a child’s future on the â€Å"hope† that the child will find a safe and loving home in the foster care system and as such, these mother’s believe that the worry of carrying a child and finding a suitable home is greater than the need to follow the laws against abor tion. Of course, there are many women and their families who can provide suitable homes for these unwanted children, but the guarantee that each unwanted child will find a suitable home is slim. The legislators believe that by forcing a mother to carry the pregnancy to term is the best solution to the problem that the country now faces with the increase in abortion, but the reality of the situation lies in the question: who suffers most when an unwanted child comes into this world? There is no question that the child will suffer and the strong belief that these children will find suitable homes is simply a wish that all mothers have with or without the debate of abortion. Pro-life advocates will always argue that there are those who will provide a suitable home. In fact, many organizations in the society have come together to support pregnant mothers who want to give up their children for adoption. But, how realistic is it to find homes for all of the unwanted pregnancies in the society? How realistic is it for the government to support the increase in the number of teenagers and drug addicts who become pregnant unwillingly? The economic recession in most countries today, do es not allow the government to become parents for these unwanted pregnancies as the need to keep the economy on par with the globally communities is becoming a greater struggle for most countries. Pro-choice advocates believe that the woman has the right to end the life of her unborn fetus as the woman’s right to choose takes precedence over everything else, including another human life. Most pro-choice advocates argue that it is natural for women to maintain their right to choose what is best for their bodies. The most popular argument for the pro-choice advocates is the case of Roe versus Wade in 1973. The case provides the fundamental premise on the federal laws that exists on the topic of abortion. The ruling supports the woman’s right to choose if she want to carry or terminate her pregnancy. However, despite the clear issue of choice in deciding the best course of action in an abortion, pro-choice advocates also argue that the mother’s health and well-being takes precedence over the life of the child. Additionally, pro-choice advocates look at the horrifying issue of being the victim of rape and incest and argue that these cases warrants an abortion as it is unfair to ask the mother to carry a child that was conceived through incest or rape. The issue of incest raises the strong questions on the mental retardation that may come with these children. In analyzing these issues, one realizes that those in support of pro-choice in abortion cases have valid arguments that can be justified under the debate on abortion. But, why chose to abort an unborn fetus when the mother can easily seek medical attention after the sexual encounter? The question lends itself to the arguments that women are too ashamed to report cases of rape and incestuous relationships they fear the ridicule that comes with these cases. The reality is that the pregnancy from such emotionally disturbing experiences brings to the forefront more ridicule and should be dealt with as soon as the incidence occurs. Of course, there are some organizations that see the early-termination pregnancy procedures in the same light as an abortion. In fact, in recent times the issues of abortions that occur in the third trimester, partial-birth abortions, and the â€Å"day-after† or RU-486 pill, have added new arguments to the debate on abortion. These partial-birth abortions and third trimester abortions are more controversial than the RU-486 pill as the first two cases include the termination the fetus. On the other hand, many  early-prenatal abortions entail the removal of an embryo from the womb before it takes form. While the RU-486 pill just as controversial as the other forms of abortion, it offers a more humane look on how best to end an unwanted pregnancy.   According to Medline Plus, â€Å"an abortion is a procedure to end a pregnancy,† (Medline Plus, par. 1). Additionally, it is â€Å"the medical process of ending a pregnancy so it does not result in the birth of a baby,† (Abortion, par.1). In some countries, abortion is a legal process that is carried out through the use of medicine and surgical operations where licensed health care professional carry out the procedure of removing the embryo and the placenta from within the uterus. Nonetheless, there are individuals who carried out abortion procedures that are not medically induced and this can lead to danger for the mother. The decision to carry out an abortion is personal, but the law must protect the lives of the citizens especially when the process of abortion endangers the lives of a mother. The moral, legal and ethical problems associated with the abortion process are often justified by the number of weeks that the woman is pregnant. Many individuals believe that a miscarriage and an abortion are the same, but they are not the same. A miscarriage occurs through natural causes and begins without any form of medical intervention, even though there is surgical or medical treatment that one may need after a miscarriage which is needed to assist in emptying the womb. A woman has an abortion for personal reasons that include the risk that impact the wellbeing of the existing children that presents a medical risk to the mother; and a high probability that the baby will have genetic or physical serious abnormality. While different countries have different views on the laws that govern abortion, there is the basic premise for many individuals that abortion is an operation that is best carried out by medical practitioners. In the United Kingdom, the law suggests that â€Å"an abortion can usually only be carried out during the first 24 weeks of pregnancy  as long as  certain criteria are met, (Abortion, n.p). In fact, the Abortion Act of 1967 covers Scotland, England, and Wales but the law does not include those individuals in Northern Ireland. The law stipulates that the process of abortion must be carried out in a medical facility or hospital or a specialist licensed clinic. Additionally, two doctors must be in agreement that the abortion causes less damage to the mental or physical health of the female. The laws on abortion in the United States are just as stringent on abortion as the United Kingdom and other countries in the world. The Supreme Court implemented the first federal law to ban abortion procedures on April 18, 2007, (Federal and State Bans and Restrictions on Abortion, par. 1). The law gave the different politicians the authorization to intervene or obstruct the private health care choices that families and women make regarding abortion.  Additionally, the federal abortion ban criminalizes the process of abortion in the second trimester which is the safest measure to protect women’s health. The federal ban has a tremendous impact on the doctors who provide medical care and the women who are in need of abortions in their second trimester as the law puts the health of these women first and place restriction on abortion. For a number of years, Trent Franks the representative of the State of Arizona pushed a bill that would eventually ban the use of abortion in the Columbia after twenty weeks, (Federal and State Bans and Restrictions on Abortion, par. 2). At present, Franks continue with his mission to get his unconstitutional prohibition of abortion across the nation. In the states such as Arizona that have already passed such abortion laws, there are some women and their families, who suffer the tragic and heartbreaking situations, (Federal and State Bans and Restrictions on Abortion, par. 2). This situation leads to the need to finalize the pregnancy because of severe medical conditions, but they are not able to carry out this act. But some critics argue that politics should not prevent doctors and other health professionals from telling their patients about their medical options. In addition, doctors should not face criminal punishment for constitutional protected care (Federal and State Bans and Restrictions on Abortion, par. 2).   Majority of the abortions cases in the United States take place during the first trimester of the pregnancy and it is imperative that doctors and the pregnant woman should have the best possible medical opportunities that are available. Still, the ongoing laws that seek to restrict or even eliminate the process of abortion at the state level serve to deny the rights of the women to make their personal medical decisions, (Federal and State Bans and Restrictions on Abortion, par. 3). Even as the politicians seek to uphold the laws on abortion, the women pay the ultimate price as the laws that seek to restrict women who want to have an abortion become hurt or face the medical dangers that are associated with abortion. There are number of dangerous requirements that come with the state laws that impact abortion. These requirements include compulsory ultrasounds before an abortion is carried out. These mandatory ultrasounds can be quite an onerous regulation especially for those victims of rape or incestuous relationships. Still, there are a number of policies that demand that the physicians compel the victims of rape to inspect the ultrasound, even as these physicians deliver statements that are politically motivating. In addition, there is a compulsory waiting period of approximately seventy – two hours before the process of abortion. This waiting period occurs even after the female’s preliminary discussion with her attending physician and unregulated counseling sessions. While the federal laws continue to lash out against abortion, the National Center for Health Statistics present an alarming figure of 4,317,119 babies being born in the United States in 2007, (Abortions in America, n.p.). Although these babies are born, only a half of these pregnancies were planned which leads to at least four in every ten pregnancies being aborted, (Abortions in America, n.p.). Despite the federal laws, the number of abortions stands at approximately 1.21 million per year in the United States, (Abortions in America, n.p.) with two percent of the women being between fifteen years and forty – four years of age. Nonetheless, some statistics suggest that since the 1980s, there has been a decrease in the number of abortions carried out each year. Arguably, abortion has become the norm in many societies as the statistics from â€Å"Abortion in America† shows that forty-seven percent of the women who have abortions, have had at least one abortion prior to th at in a given year. There is no doubt that the United States has one of the highest rates of abortion in the western world as statistics show that â€Å"by age 45, one third of American women will have had at least one abortion,† (Abortion in America, n.p.) and â€Å"88.7% of all abortions take place by the twelfth week of pregnancy,† (Abortion in America, n.p.). Based on these findings, one can agree with Hendricks suggestion that pregnancy forms the foundations of the Supreme Court’s model that uses pregnancy as a baseline for a constitutional characterization of parenthood, (Hendricks, p. 330). Therefore, it forms the foundation for treating the idea of abortion as one of an array of reproductive rights instead of dealing with the process in isolation, (Hendricks, p. 330). The alarming figures in the cases of abortion are frightening and the law must continue to protect the rights of the unborn fetus as long as it causes no harm to the mothers. Still, there are those who argue that abortion is the right of the mother and that mothers have should be left with the choice of when and how to keep the unborn fetus. The reality is that if men could become pregnant, then the concept of abortion would really be atonement for the â€Å"sins† they enforce on women during rape and incest. But, these men cannot become pregnant and women are left to bear the burden of carrying unwanted pregnancies. The political and legal arguments that support the rights of abortion attempt to compare a pregnant woman to a man and make the situation understandable to freethinking legal doctrines, (Hendricks, p. 330). These comparisons are important especially when there is the belief that abortion is not just a right to privacy, but also a matter of equality. Cathy Cleaver Ruse and Rob Schwarzwalder looks at the legal ramifications of the case of Roe v. Wade to show the arguments that deal with abortion. On January 22, 1973, the Supreme Court did not create limitations o the right to abortion, but instead created a virtual unlimited right to abortion throughout the pregnancy, (Cleaver – Ruse Schwarzwalder, n.p). The case reflected the 1854 law in the state of Texas that prohibited abortion except in the case of saving the life of the pregnant mother, (Cleaver – Ruse Schwarzwalder, n.p). The plaintiff, Norma McCorvey, wanted a simple elective abortion and as such file a lawsuit that implied that the law in Texas deprived her of constitutional rights to an abortion, (Cleaver – Ruse Schwarzwalder, n.p). At the end of the hearing, seven members of the Supreme Court rule in McCorvey’s favor and agreed that abortion was not presented in the correct context of the Constitution. Nonetheless, the group ruled that on e’s right to an abortion formed a part of one’s right to privacy and previously the Court had created regarding contraception regulations, (Cleaver – Ruse Schwarzwalder, n.p). Arguably, the decision of the Supreme Court stemmed from the ignorance that explicitly defended the theory that no one knows the exact point when life starts. Despite the social cost of abortion, the laws tend to victimize the vulnerable in the society as a pregnant woman should not be allowed to bear the burden of having to look at the â€Å"scars† of rape and incest. The January 22, 1973 ruling in the United States Supreme Court in the matters of Roe v. Wade  and Doe v. Bolton  reiterated the new personal liberty that came with the Constitution. This freedom gave the woman the right to terminate her pregnancy at any time in its course, (U.S. Abortion Law, n.p.). These radical decisions by the Court at the time have caused much controversy in the constitution and have been maintained by indifferences. Still, none of the legislations today conformed to the Supreme Court’s criteria. Edward Lazarus wrote on the Roe opinion and argues that the case of Roe versus Wade presents little connection to the Constitutional rights of the individual even as it was interpreted. The Democratic senators resisted the legal appointment as based on the nominee’s opposition to  Roe, (U.S. Abortion Law, n.p) and endorse one of the most intellectually suspect constitutional decisions of the modern times, (U.S. Abortion Law, n.p.). At best, one can describe the Roe versus Wade’s case as one that defends the rights of the mother on the premise of ignorance because one cannot resolve the question of the onset of life, (Blackmun, as cited in U.S. Abortion Law, n.p.). Yet, if the personhood can be established then the case that supports legal abortion will fall through because the right of the fetus to life would take precedence over the health and well-being of the mother. The Fourteenth Amendment protects the fetus’ right to life and therefore such a right would supersede the mother’s right to privacy and freedom to choose. Some critics argue that the case of Roe versus Wade paved the way for the belief that human life has less protection in the United States today than at any time since the inception of the country [and] less protection than in any country of the Western world,† (Noonan, as cited in U.S. Abortion Law, n.p). In addition, the case of Roe versus Wade made it clear that the term â€Å"person’ in the Constitution should not include an unborn fetus, (Cleaver – Ruse Schwarzwalder, n.p). in order to use the arguments in the case, one must become cognizant of the legal ramifications that looks at the most important part of the case as the new â€Å"law† ruled that abortion must be allowed for any reason that a woman desires up until the child becomes feasible, (Cleaver – Ruse Schwarzwalder, n.p). However, after viability, an abortion can only be allowed if the doctor believes that the process of aborting the child creates the necessary protection for the health of the mother, (Cleaver – Ruse Schwarzwalder, n.p) as defined by the Court in a similar case that includes every health aspect regarding the â€Å"physical, emotional, psychological, familial, and the womans agerelevant to the well-being of the patient, (Cleaver – Ruse Schwarzwalder, n.p). With this ruling, the Supreme Court created a law that supported a right to abort the unborn child at any point during the pregnancy even in the instance where the child passes the stage of viability, (Cleaver – Ruse Schwarzwalder, n.p) based on the emotional factors that the mother faces. Clearly, the federal law gave the doctors who perform abortion, the right or the power to overrule any cases of abortion by simply arguing that there are emotional factors that warrant the abortion. A number of abortion advocates attempt to suppress this idea, yet but liberal journalists including David Savage who writes for the Los Angeles Times postulates that the hidden truth in the case of Roe versus Wade rests in the Supreme Court creating and implementing an absolute right to abortion whereas any case of abortion is justifiable under the health and well-being of the mothers. When one looks at the case of Roe versus Wade, one can clearly recognize that the Supreme Court created this unlimited right to protect the best interests of the pregnant mother. But, majority of the people in America agree that there should be legal restrictions on the use of abortion to expel a fetus. Prior to 2009, most Americans were not pro-life. But, the changes in the way most individuals view the issue of abortion came after May 2009 and for the first time in history, â€Å"a significantly greater percentage of Americans self-identified as pro-life than pro-choice, (Cleaver – Ruse Schwarzwalder, n.p). Arguably, the historical arguments for and against abortion is more complex than the case of Roe versus Wade. The issue has been around for over two centuries and has never had such legal protection since the rulings of 1973. Still, in the modern society women in America maintain the legal right to carry out an abortion in all fifty states in the United States during the term of pregnancy irrespective of the reasons they may have. This right has held firm since the Supreme Court declared that self-directed abortion rights are an integral part of the 9th and 14th Amendments, (U.S. Abortion Law, n.p). The constitutional right to privacy demands that women have the right to privacy and therefore they have the right to have an abortion. But, the right to take any life leads one to question the individual’s right to privacy and the right to determine who lives and who dies. The cases of Roe versus Wade and Doe versus Bolton are different in many respects, but rulings in both cases have helped to shape the way individuals see abortion today. In the Texas case of Roe versus Wade, the single, pregnant mother sued the Dallas County District attorney, Henry Wade to thwart his enforcement of Texas’ prohibition on abortion, (U.S. Abortion Law, n.p.). Roe had no legal foundations for her case as her life was under no threat from her pregnancy, and therefore she had no legal foundations on which to carry out the abortion under Texas’ federal laws that had the exception of saving the mother’s life. On the other hand, the Doe versus Bolton case in Georgia included a married woman who did not meet the basic state requirements under Georgia laws that permitted abortion in cases where the health and the life the mother comes under threat if the unborn fetus was deformed or if the pregnancy stemmed from rape. In this case, the three-judge District Court made the decision that Roe had no foundations for her case and declared that the laws on abortion in Texas should be void because it was vague and overbroad, (U.S. Abortion Law, n.p.). In the case of Doe, the District Court was divided in their ruling as the ruling suggested that there were a number of pointless bureaucratic problems that impacted on an individual receiving a due abortion. Still, the State held that they had a right to restrict abortion based on the laws. Both defendants appealed their cases and the decisions went before the Supreme Court, and were enforced on January 22, 1973. The ruling in Roes cases was at seven to two  and that the states had an interest to protect the life of the fetus. This interest was not viable until the third trimester and therefore all state abortion laws prevented abortion in third trimester. In 1976, the issue of abortion came to the forefront again in the Supreme Court with the case of the Planned Parenthood versus Danforth. This law removed the principles of the state laws that require parental or spousal consent. In the case of Thornburg versus the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists in 1986 was divided in a split of 5-4, and discarded the manner of restrictions on abortion that included the obligation to enlighten women on the alternatives to abortion. The obligation to edify women on prenatal development; the obligation to enlighten females on the prospective  risks of abortion; the obligation to maintain records of abortion; and the obligation that third trimester abortions can be carried out in an eff ort to spare the life of the viable child remains at the forefront of the legal battles on abortion as these obligations violates the female’s right to privacy. Nevertheless, the 1989 case of  Webster versus Reproductive Health Services, dealt Roe a blow that became serious as the five to four ruling support the idea that human life start with the period of conception, (U.S. Abortion Laws, n.p) and that the state can compel the interest of the life of the fetus during pregnancy. Roe’s arguments about the trimester and viability foundations were discarded, but the judge at the time, Justice O’Connor argued that the in spite of the similarities in previous cases, she would support  Webster  opinion that would ultimately overturn Roe’s case. As a result, the federal abortion laws remained unchanged, (U.S. Abortion Laws, n.p) even though the foundational theories of the law started to crumble. In fact, a number of states seized the opportunity to increase the restrictive state measures against abortion. Still in 1990, the cases of Hodgson v. Minnesota  and  Ohio v. Akron Center for Reproductive Health offered the ruling that the different states should engage parents in the decision for a minor to have an abortion. In essence, the ruling require that there is â€Å"parental consent before a minor could have an abortion must allow for a judicial bypass,† (U.S. Abortion Law, n.p). The cases against the right to an abortion intensified with the 1992 ruling in the case â€Å"Planned Parenthood versus Casey† where the Supreme Court ruled on the right to legal abortion after a twenty-four hour waiting period and the informed consent of the parent. The different States were allowed more discretion as to the onset of viability and the ruling was decided by a dividing five to four verdict. Justices Stevens and Blackmun did not approve of the additional problems that came with legal abortion, but they willingly agreed to garner the support of Justices Kennedy, OConnor, and Souter, who opined that the case of Casey formed the medium through which the states gained additional control even as they upheld the basic tenets of the case of Roe. Justices White, Thomas, Scalia and Rehnquist opposed the idea and were not obligated to uphold the ruling as they believed that Roe  had no Constitutional foundations in the case. Still, in the modern courts, the case of Casey is one of the more dominant models in the laws surrounding abortion. The last prominent case relating to abortion in the Supreme Court was that of Gonzales versus Carhart in 2007. The five to four votes endorsed a 2003 congressional veto on the dilation and evacuation or dilation and extraction (DX) process in abortion. This Partial – Birth Abortion Act surfaced in 2003 in response to the federal ruling over the Stenberg versus Carhart  2000 case in Nebraska. The partial-birth abortion ban was in direct violation of the Federal Constitution which was interpreted by the rulings in Casey and Roe  legal battles. LeRoy Carhart, one of the late-term abortionists brought the suit against the Attorney-General, Don Stenburg in Nebraska. The verdict came by way of a five to four verdict based on the Nebraska law that did not include the exemption for the preservation of the mother’s health or the dilation and extraction procedure that was one of the most important factors in the life of the mother. The Supreme Court discarded the contention i n Nebraska that there were safe alternatives to partial-birth abortion and this idea made the health exception law unnecessary, (U.S. Abortion Law, n.p). Nevertheless, after three years in existence, Congress reversed the Court order and made the conclusion that there was a common medical, moral, and ethical consensus involved in the partial-birth abortion. Congress further believed that the process was inhumane and even gruesome and was a medical procedure that was not a medical necessity and should be prohibited.  Carhart’s challenge of the constitutionality on the ruling resulted in his favor as the Eighth Circuit of Appeals and caused the United States Attorney General, Alberto Gonzales, to petition the decision of the courts in the Supreme Court. However, the 2007 verdict reinforced the ban, as it was not totally vague and neither did it lack the exception to health that reiterated the views that there was an exception to the health of the pregnant mother. Although there have been little or no changes to the arguments during 2000 and 2007, there were irrevocable changes in the courts. Many critics argue that abortion is a right of the individual and this makes them pro-choice commentators in the controversy on abortion. These commentators see the case of Roe versus Wade as indefensible as Roe was incorrect mainly because abortion does not come under the constitutional law and does not allow for a sense of obligation. In support of Justice Blackmun opinion, abortion advocates will argue that the ruling in the case of Roe versus Wade is one of the most intellectually inference of constitutional decisions in present times and is rooted in the theory of legitimacy. Like many abortion theories in present times, Roe crossed the boundaries of legitimacy and ventured deep into the changes in the laws. This belief presents an incomplete justification for the arguments and does not reflect the operations of the courts. Interestingly, the incidence of abortion in the United States is quite common as the country boasts the highest rate of abortion in the western world. Additionally, the United States has the third highest rate of abortion in the developed countries in the world. The reason for abortion varies and it is the minority of the abortion sample that carries out abortions because of their health or health problems for the child. The Guttmacher Institute is popular for its accurate surveys on abortion in the past twenty-five years. The two major studies show that the majority of the women, who carry out abortions, do so because of personal choices. The findings reveal that a shocking ninety-two percent of the women who carry out abortions chose to end the life of healthy babies even as they too are healthy individuals, (as cited in U.S. Abortion Laws, n.p.). What then do these statistics suggest for the cases of abortion? Clearly, the advocates against abortion are accurate in their beliefs that abortion is murder and one of the greatest cases of homicide in the Western world. Despite the arguments that abortions cannot be murder as the fetus does not have life, there is the undisputed reality that abortion is a process that takes the life of a child who could have otherwise lived a healthy life. Many women die as a result of abortion and this death is probably the act of equality as it reflects the teachings of a life for a life when women take the lives of the unborn fetus. In making abortion legal, one still cannot justify the fact that an abortion takes the life of an innocent fetus. It simple justifies the act of murder. Still, if the laws on abortion remain intact, the government maintains the legal limits to the present belief in the absolute right to an abortion. Araujo writes: For today, at least, the law of abortion stands undisturbed. For today, the women of this Nation still retain the liberty to control their destinies. But the signs are evident and very ominous, and a chill wind blows, (Araujo, p. 1). Those who argue for life continue to do so in a number of states, and those who argue pro-choice continue to do so. The fact is that the arguments for and against abortion continues as individuals believe in the fundamental rights of the mothers and the unborn fetus. But because there is no common ground to these arguments, the political void that exists in the debate on abortion rests in the moral obligation of the arguments that support pro-choice. Frankly, the choice to abort a fetus is to kill the fetus and prevent the realization of a human life, (Araujo, p.1), which many see as a moral an d ethical crime. Yet, there is an ongoing war around the world that promotes the killing of individuals. Many individuals who are killed in war are innocent civilians who have been exposed to unintentional danger, and this is not wrong. Religious affiliates readily denounce abortion as an act of killing, but cannot denounce the inevitable suffering and ultimate death that comes with war. Arguably, the controversy of human life as it relates to abortion in the United States represent different perspectives on the topic of abortion and the issue of the common good. Nearly twenty years ago the popular case of Roe versus Wade impacted the United States judicial and legal arena and the public in general. The public debate continues to raise the critical arguments on the stage that the fetus becomes a human form based on the constitutional rights that govern the society. The medical dilemma of abortion rests in the arguments of the human fetus and the common good of the female. Additionally, medical experts who support abortion believe that â€Å"once the sperm encounters the ovum, the process of fertilization begins,† (Araujo, p. 2). However, fertilization does not happen immediately as the sperm penetrates the ovum, (Araujo, p. 2); instead, the fertilization process sets off the process of syngamy, (Araujo, p. 2). Here, the sperm completes the penetration of the ovum and exchange with the ovum, (Araujo.p. 2). Within that moment there is approximately twelve to twenty-four that leads to the completion of the process of insemination. The process of fertilization accomplishes the goals of giving the pre- embryo a full set of forty-six chromosomes that develops the human form, (Araujo, p. 2). In addition, fertilization helps to determine the chromosomal sex, establishes the genetic variability, and initiates the division of the zygote, (Araujo, p. 2). With this medical clarification of the onset of human life, advocates against abortion hold the strength of their arguments in abortion being equal to murder. But, Zampas and Gher suggests that the issue of abortion is more than the right of the unborn child and should look at the â€Å"maternal mortality, prohibitions of therapeutic abortion as infringing on the right to be free from cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment, and state procedural obligations to ensure womens right to access legal abortion,† (Zampas Gher, p.1). The alarming figures from the researches at Guttmacher Institute reinforce the idea that approximately half of the women in America have an unintended pregnancy by the time they turn forty – five years old. Additionally, the rates of abortion in 2008 point to one in ten women having an abortion by the age of twenty. The frequency of abortion makes the process truly inhumane as it suggests that women now see abortion as a method of contraception. As such, one can only agree with the pro-life activists who believe that the law should be enforced in the cases of abortion and allow life to take precedence over choice. The right to life does not justify or guarantee the right to be given the use of or a right to be allowed continued use of another persons body, (Kiessling, n.p) even though the situation warrants the need for the life itself. There is a distinct moral difference between an omission and an act and the immediacy is a morally significant feature when it relates omissions.  In contrast, one can argue that it is morally unacceptable to question the right of a woman to provide life. It is shocking that one’s rights should disappear even as it becomes more difficult to agree. The question of the burdens and ease of carrying an unborn child rests with the determination of what qualifies as being just and acceptable based on the circumstances.   Whenever the rights of an individual conflicts with different rights one must balance each right against the other to determine what is morally and ethically â€Å"just.† It is morally â€Å"just† a pregnant mother to end her pregnancy prematurely if it can save her life. Nevertheless, it is even more difficult for the pregnant mother to facilitate her unborn childs right to life, (Kiessling, n.p) although it is more difficult for the mother to fulfill the needs of the unborn child, (Kiessling, n.p). Conversely, the natural characteristics of the pregnancy reflect the direct proximity and an exceptional ability to provide support even at the cost of self-sacrifice. The burden of carrying a life that can prove to be detrimental to the health of the woman often weighs against the benefits of having the child and leads critics to believe in the right to abort a child if it harms the mother. Many liberal defenders of the abortion debate believe that abortion should not be justified under the law. In contrast those who support the arguments for abortion believe that there are special cases that warrant an abortion out of moral and ethical duties. Still, one should wait and weigh the consequences of an abortion carefully before agreeing to have an abortion. In cases of rape, one cannot truly expect a mother to wait and weigh the consequences of having an abortion as the emotional stress of having a child out of rape can cause medical problems for the mother and lead to medical problems for the child. The theory of moral and ethical principles become lost in these instances and the right to life no longer holds firm. Bachiochi suggests that in the last three decades, the debate surrounding abortion has intensified and the basis of the debate is often characterized by the clash of the arguments for the human rights of the child and the reproductive rights of the mother, (Bachiochi, p. 1). This controversial issue has left a number of citizens in the United States opposing the views that human life is more valuable than reproductive rights. The arguments are successful mainly because abortion advocates have convinced most Americans that abortion is necessary for the well-being and equal rights of the woman. Arguably, the society has it fair share of individuals being called anti-women because they oppose the idea of abortion. Quite frankly, the laws which exist to suppress the rights of the woman to choose to have an abortion are simply the ideology of the patriarchal nature of our society. But, this gender hierarchy is removed when women are free to do what they please with their bodies. This beli ef leads many individuals to criticize the laws that support abortion and gives women the right to take a life. While approximately thirty percent of women who have abortions suffer the increased likelihood of depression, anxiety, and suicide, (Bachiochi, n.p) there are still those who have no remorse about carrying out an abortion as the process helps to ease the emotional and medical distress they face otherwise. Bachiochi points to the 2002 study by the state-funded medical insurance program in California that was published in the American Journal of Orthopsychiatry to support her theory that there are serious mental health claims for women who carried out abortions, (Bachiochi, n.p). With these statistics, one wonders why the federal laws allow abortion on any level if it impacts the mental health of a woman in a negative way. In addition to the mental health disturbances, the 1996 article in the British Medical Journal and the 2002 article in the Southern Medical Journal, shows that the threat of death from suicide is great as it is two to six times higher for women who have had abortion s when compared, again, with women who have not had abortions, (as cited by Bachiochi, n.p). But what really dies when there is an abortion? Pro-life advocates on abortion argue that it is the human embryo that dies when an abortion is carried out. Hence, a human being dies in an abortion. The law clearly does not allow for the intentional killing of another person, so why should the law allow abortion? There are so many alternatives to abortion, yet women choose not to carry their unborn fetus’ simple because they no longer want a child. One can understand that in the cases of rape and incest, the emotional trauma is great and the woman cannot bear the thought of carrying the child, but there are medical procedures that allow for the removal of the sperm before the embryo becomes a reality. Additionally, the threat of having a physically or medically challenged child is too much for many mothers to bear and therefore, the mother will chose not allow the child to suffer. But, there are cases where doctors and science is wrong and the presupposed challenged child can lead a normal life. Should these children not be allowed to attempt to live a normal life? Lee and George argue that the defenders of abortion â€Å"grant that human embryos or fetuses are human beings,† (Lee George, n.p) and should be allowed the right to live. Yet, the authors suggest that there are others who â€Å"distinguish human being from ‘person and claim that embryonic human beings are not (yet) persons,† (Lee George, n.p). Therefore, while it is wrong to kill people, it is not always wrong to kill human beings who are not considered to be persons, (Lee George, n.p). It is only fair to speculate that living with a very severe medical condition goes against the best interest of the unborn child. It is even more challenging to find the perfect arguments that will create or cause changes in the arguments that surround certain pathologies that would represent satisfactory reasons for abortion, (Giubilini Minerva, n.p). Nonetheless, many parents find it difficult to bring up a child with disabilities and on these grounds they argue that the fetus has the potential to become a normal person because the state provides the economical care that the child may need. Arguably, abortion is highly unstable moral issue that includes the impossibility of having neutrality in its arguments. The fundamental question on abortion is whether the fetus is human at the point of conception or after it is born. On the one hand, the fetus is a human within a human, (Novak, n.p) and on the other hand â€Å"the child is a human person only after it emerges from the womb,† (Novak, n.p.). Both views suggest that there is an absolute ethical and moral belief that forms the framework of the practical rules that are inconsistent with the complex nature of abortion, (Novak, n.p.). The individuals, who believe that abortion should take the life of the unborn child, argue that the threat to the mother is of paramount importance. In the case of a medical emergency that would place both the life of the mother and the child at risk of death, there is no question as to the validity of maintaining the immediate life of the mother. And, this would make abortion morally correct. On the other hand, if the fetus is not seen as a human person, then the general prohibition of abortion on the grounds of the proscription of wanton destruction, (Novak, n.p) creates self-mutilation. The most practical argument is that the unborn child is a human being and the fetus is a part of the mother’s body, (Novak, n.p). But, the legal arguments for abortion are complex and the practical results do not arise from a single principle or belief. There are many principles involved in the case of abortion and the religious, ethical, moral and medical factors should help to determine the right to an abortion. Despite the numerous legal battles for and against abortion, each case is unique and should be treated in a unique way. There should be no law to dictate when a woman can have an abortion especially if there is a medical dilemma that warrants a medical decision to abort the fetus. From a psychological perspective, the right to an abortion should not require legal ramifications for the mother as the cases of pre-partum depression or psychiatric considerations should overrule the right to life. Clinically depressed mothers are likely to pose a threat to self and the unborn child. Take for example a suicidal mother will have a child and commit a homicide after the child is born. The mother may feel the severity of depression and take the life of the child. This act makes the situation worse as the child could have been aborted from the onset and not have to face the trauma of death. Still, some critics may argue that the mother would have been evaluated during the pregnancy and the signs of depression would have been clear from the onset. But, this illogical argument is riddled with flaws as not many pregnant mothers can afford psychiatric evaluation during pregnancy. In fact, there are not many individuals who would readily agree that they have psychological pro blems and will seek psychiatric care. The harsh truth is that abortion is a cruel way to end an innocent life as the process kills an embryo during the first trimester of an unplanned or unwanted pregnancy. The controversy spans decades and there does not seem to be any end to the debate about the legal form of killing an innocent victim. Protestors who are against the idea of abortion make it clear that the process is one that is disgusting as the media has done enough to educate younger girls about the use of contraceptive to prevent unwanted or unplanned pregnancies. There are many individuals in the society who believe that any teenager who becomes pregnant, is promiscuous and should therefore live with the consequences of their pregnancies. Nevertheless, a number of pregnancies do not happen in such a simple manner. Many women are victims of date rape and incest. Should they be allowed to live through these emotional scars every time they look at their child? Many women also face the mistake believing that they have found true love in the arms of unsuspecting predators who engage in sexual activities with these naà ¯ve children. The truth is that everyone makes mistakes, but not everyone should be forced to live with the scars of their mistakes. Teenagers will always explore their youth and many will pay the consequences when they become pregnant, but they should not have to pay for the mistakes for the rest of their lives. The choice that these females make leads them to the point of having an abortion so that they can improve their future, but women do cannot become pregnant by themselves. Yet, they are forced to live with the choice of having a baby and being deprived of a ‘good’ future and having an abortion and becoming the ‘scourge’ of the society. The men face no such consequences and so they continue to rape and destroy the lives of the unsuspecting children. In concluding, the emotional side effects of abortion differ according to the individual needs and desires of the female. Some women become deeply traumatized by the abortion process as their reasons for having an abortion rests in the medical and emotional drama of their pregnancy. On the other hand, some women are relieved by the process as they feel as they would have carried an unwanted pregnancy to term. For many women, becoming pregnant is a careless mistake that comes with unprotected sex. Abortion offers the best solution to this problem as more and more women stray from the moral and ethical principles surrounding abortion. More often than not, doctors find that the best solution for these women who continue to have unprotected sex is an abortion as there would be a number of children in the society who would have to depend on welfare services. This dependence on the government places a strain on the economic development of the country and in turn places strain on the societ y as a whole. Personally, an abortion should not have to be a controversial issue as a woman chooses to have sex and this means that she takes the chance of becoming pregnant. It is her free will, her choice and therefore she knows what she is doing. An individual who has sex knows the consequences of having sex and one of these consequences rest in the possibility of a pregnancy. As such she should be held accountable for her actions and should be forced to take care of the child whether the pregnancy is unwanted or unplanned. The idea of an abortion is really immoral as it represents the intentional killing of a human being. A number of researches suggest that life begins with conception and every mentally sane individual has heard these reasoning before, therefore unplanned pregnancies by mentally stable adults should not end with abortions. Of course there are those who will argue that rape and incest also contribute to the number of unwanted and unplanned pregnancies in the country. These individuals will also argue that teenagers cannot make sound decisions and therefore, it is in their best interest to abort the child. But, what about the parents of these children who become pregnant? They should be held accountable for the pregnancies that these teenagers have and they should help to find suitable home for the unborn child instead of embracing the immoral act of abortion. When there is an abortion, mankind plays the role of God and snatches the life of an innocent child. Additionally, mankind denies this innocent child the right to experience and live in the world. There should be no debate on the laws that surround the right to an abortion as the humane thing to do is to bring the child into the world. An abortion takes away the mother’s right to enjoy the opportunity to become a responsible adult. The fact is that an abortion is final and one cannot reverse the process. While the emotional scars may hurt at the moment, they heal eventually and the mother could have the opportunity to live with the scars of rape and incest. But an abortion will take away that possibility. Works Cited Abortion (2014) Viewed at http://www.nhs.uk Accessed March 30, 2015 Araujo, Robert J. (1993), Abortion, Ethics, and the Common Good: Who Are We? What Do We Want? How Do We Get There? Volume 76 Issue 4 Summer Article 3 Marq. L. Rev. 701 (1993). Bachiochi, Erika (2005) How Abortion Hurts Women: The Hard Proof, Crisis Magazine, Web. Accessed April 5, 2015. Cleaver – Ruse, Cathy Schwarzwalder, Rob, (2015) e Best Pro-Life Arguments for Secular Audiences Web Accessed April 4, 2015 Federal and State Bans and Restrictions on Abortion, (2015) Federal Abortion Ban Viewed at http://www.plannedparenthoodaction.org Accessed April 4, 2015 Giubilini, Alberto Minerva, Francesca (2012) After-birth abortion: why should the baby live? J Med Ethics  doi:10.1136/medethics-2011-100411 Law, ethics and medicine. Web. Accessed April 6, 2015 Hendricks, Jennifer (n.d) Body and Soul: Equality, Pregnancy, and the Unitary Right to Abortion Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review [Vol. 45] p. 330 Induced Abortion in the United States (2014) Fact Sheet. Web. Accessed March 31, 2015. Lee, Patrick Lee and George, Robert P. (n.d.) Chapter One The Wrong of Abortion. Web. Accessed April 4, 2015. Novak, David (n.d), Abortion, The Jewish Publication Society, 1993), pp. 16-19University of Toronto. Web. Medline Plus (2014) United States National Library of Medicine Viewed at http://www.nlm.nih.gov Accessed April 4, 2015 U.S. Abortion Law An overview of the history and legality of abortion in the United States (2015) Viewed at http://www.abort73.com Accessed April 4, 2015 Zampas, Christina Gher, Jaime M. (2008) Abortion as a Human Right—International and Regional Standards. Web. Accessed April 4, 2015.